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The original Koine Greek words are as follows:

ασυνέτους: Senseless,
άσυνθέτους : Faithless
αστόργους: Heartless
ανελεήμονας: ruthless, cold-hearted
The prefix (a) is of denial, α-στόργους: Heartless cf. στόργους, with heart.

The KJV of this passage gives us more detail about these inadequacies.

For example, it would seem in the other version when it says, “covenantbreakers,” it is referring to people who break their promises; unfaithful in marriage (cheating) as well as unfaithful in their following of Christ (going back on their promises to cut certain things out of their lives that push them away from a close relationship with Christ–another form of cheating)

For readers of The Lives of The Twelve Caesars by Suetonius, the bad behaviours came from the pinnacle of Roman society, the Emperor and his family: debaucheries, adulteries, murders and disordered life. It is therefore unsurprising that Paul could find in Rome more temptations for his brothers in faith to fail and to break the covenant with God and Christ Jesus than in Galatia.

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Cephas is the apostle Peter, the leader of Jesus' disciples. Simon was his original name but Jesus gave him a new name in John 1:42, “You are Simon son of John. You will be called Cephas.” This would be the original link between the disciples and Paul (excluding Acts as later legend and propaganda).

Peter means “stone, rock” in Greek, while Cephas is “stone” in Aramaic. Paul is calling on the Hebrew/Jewish name here, perhaps to distinguish him intentionally. Peter also carries the most authority of the originally-commissioned Apostles. In Galatians 2:9, he, with James and John, is called a pillar.

The verb “to see” Cephas/Peter does not mean the same as our modern English version, a visit. (ἱστορῆσαι historēsai) occurs nowhere else in the New Testament and means means to ascertain by personal inquiry and examination, and then to narrate (as history):

Ιστορησαι Πετρον, to become personally acquainted with Peter; for this is the proper import of the verb ἱστορειν, from which we have the word ἱστορια, history, which signifies a relation of things from personal knowledge and actual acquaintance. Clarke’s Commentary on the Bible

It is worth noting there is some dispute as to whether Peter and Cephas are the same person. Clement of Alexandria, as well as other ancient sources, refer to them a separate persons. Paul mentions Peter twice by name and Cephas 8 times, and it isn’t clear he is referring to the same person.

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This seems to be an extension from his earlier claim that he and his gospel are sent from God. There may have been claims that he was not a true disciple or that his authority was not as strong. Spending time in Jerusalem, and with Cephas and James as we are about to read, may bolster his claim to be from a Jewish God and not just another new Roman/Greek idea/fad.

Does this suggest a time gap of three years between Acts 9:24 and 25:

25 but his disciples took him by night and let him down through an opening in the wall, lowering him in a basket.
26 When he had come to Jerusalem, he attempted to join the disciples; and they were all afraid of him, for they did not believe that he was a disciple.

Or perhaps the gap comes in Acts 9:23. Before, he was still in Damascus, but after Acts 9:23, he went to Jerusalem.

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Paul was praising and appreciating God for not abandoning humankind but rather having mercy on us by sending His son as an atoning sacrifice for our sin. Paul acknowledges that the work of salvation was for the glory of God. This doxology may be seeding an early doctrinal development of a trinity. Paul’s thoughts may have been working on the problem of God/Creator and God/Man/Savior.

He is also linking the letter’s following paragraphs to God so whether Galatians would like and agree with the content or not, they would have to assume the responsibility of agreeing or disagreeing with the divine.

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From Panarion, haer. 28.5.1-3. Epiphanius says he is describing the beliefs of followers of the Gnostic Cerinthus, but there is some evidence that he has confused them with the Ebionites.

CERINTHUS: Gnostic teacher of Asia Minor, about 100 A.D. According to Irenæus (I. xxvi. 1), he taught that the world was not created by the first God, but by a subordinate power. Jesus was a son of Joseph and Mary, but was wiser and more righteous than other men. After his baptism the spirit of the all-sublime power of God descended upon him in the form of a dove. From now on he preached the unknown Father and performed miracles. Finally the “Christ” forsook him, but “Jesus” suffered and rose again, whereas the spiritual Christ did not suffer. (New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge)

“No [Cerinthus] writings of any kind have come down to us. Cerinthus’s doctrines were a strange mixture of Gnosticism, Judaism, Chiliasm, and Ebionitism. He admitted one Supreme Being; but the world was produced by a distinct and far inferior power. He does not identify this Creator or Demiurgos with the Jehovah of the Old Testament. Not Jehovah but the angels have both made the world and given the law. These creator-angels were ignorant of the existence of the Supreme God. The Jewish law was most sacred, and salvation to be obtained by obedience to its precepts.” (Catholic Dictionary)

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