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These three triumphs were for his victories in Dalmatia, Actium and Alexandria. The first was a tribe located near Croatia, and the latter two were against Antony and Cleopatra.

Augustus joined Gnaeus Pompey in joint-second place for the most triumphs. Only his father Julius Caesar had achieved more with 4, for victories in Gaul, Pontus, Africa and Egypt.

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Augustus gained two ovations (a smaller version of a triumph) for the battles of Philippi and Naulochus – against Brutus & Cassius and against Sextus Pompey, respectively.

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Military Donations

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One of the most interesting aspects of Augustus' life is his drastic change from being merciless and filled with blood lust, to becoming one of the more benevolent and generous dictators throughout history.

This statement is not entirely true. Upon the pleas for mercy after the rebellion of Lucius Antony at Perugia, he is believed to have answered all of these with the words:

You must die.

In addition to this, it was also a rumour that he had 300 senators and eques who were captured sacrificed to Julius Caesar.

However, later on, Suetonius states that:

Even those (tribes) who engaged most frequently and with the greatest perfidy in their rebellion, he never punished more severely than by selling their captives.

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Augustus' reign as Princeps/Emperor of Rome saw the largest expansion of the empire’s borders in its history.

During his time, Rome was highly successful, with actions such as:

  • Consolidating territories within Spain and Gaul.
  • Extending the border in the north all the way to the Elbe (later reduced to the Rhine)
  • Extending the border to the Danube.
  • Subduing over 45 Alpine tribes
  • Annexing Egypt
  • Annexing Galatia
  • Installing Tigranes, a Romanised Armenian onto the throne of Armenia. This made sure that Parthia had no disputes over who was in charge of the land.

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The two battles known collectively as the Battle of Philippi.

His claim of personally conquering them in two battles can be disputed and is historically believed to be inaccurate. In fact, Brutus defeated Augustus in battle, and had it not been for Antony defeating Cassius and problems with the enemy communication, it may have all been lost.

In the first battle he was driven from his camp, and with some difficulty made his escape to the wing of the army commanded by Antony.

(Suetonius, verse 13)

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In the Res Gestae, Augustus mentions no enemies or peers by name.

Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus were two of the main conspirators most heavily involved with and blamed for Caesar’s assassination.

Unrelated, but still interesting, is that despite Brutus & Cassius ultimately working to save the republic of Rome, they were still given the worst punishment possible in the book ‘Inferno’, by the 14th Century writer, Dante.

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Unlike the First Triumvirate between Pompey, Crassus & Caesar, the Second Triumvirate was an official form of governing the Roman ‘republic’ at the time.

This triumvirate was between Augustus, his former enemy Antony, and Lepidus. As they all had the agenda to avenge Caesar’s death, they formed their early alliance around this common goal.

In 43 B.C, Rome’s empire was controlled by multiple powerful men.

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This would be the first of a record thirteen consulships that Augustus held.

Augustus was just twenty years old when he was made consul. He marched on Rome and joined a short list of commanders who had dared to do this in the last century, which included Sulla and his own adoptive father Julius Caesar .

When the senate refused, a centurion, named Cornelius, who was at the head of the chief deputation, threw back his cloak, and showed the hilt of his sword.

Suetonius – verse 26

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