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The Irish Republican Army was a revolutionary militant organization which waged a guerrilla campaign throughout the 1910s to achieve Irish independence. Following the 1921 Anglo-Irish treaty, the organization split, with those in favour of the treaty (the Irish National Army) defeating their rivals.

Nonetheless, the anti-treaty members of IRA waged a terrorist campaign, which was revived with fervour later in the century, during the 60s-90s in what became known as the Troubles

The IRA’s goal wasn’t anarchy in any sense of the word, but the full ownership of the island of Ireland by the Republic of Ireland (or “Irish Republic): they decided the best way to do this was through violence against civilians and politicians, suggesting that Rotten really just wants violence, rather than any political revolution.

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The Ulster Defence Association is a paramilitary and vigilante group which operated 1971 until 2007 (and remains active, but has renounced violence). Ostensibly formed in Northern Ireland to retaliate against attacks on Protestants, it began a campaign of terrorist attacks, mostly directed towards innocent Catholic civilians

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The People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola is a formerly Marxist-Leninist party which fought first for independence from Portugal, and then against rival parties in the subsequent decolonization conflict – an endless series of military conflicts which lasted from 1961 until 2002

The party subsequently declared itself to be socially democratic, and retains power in Angola (where it is accused of various electoral and human rights abuses)

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Today’s lesson:
“How to wind up the Establishment in two short lines”

Note the unusual pronunciation of anarchist (“ehh-nar-kyst”) so that it rhymes with “anti-christ,” a literary tool generally called a slant rhyme.

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Lola is an attractive transvestite, according to songwriter Ray Davies, and the narrator is a young man flattered by the attention paid to him by her.

Davies claimed that he was inspired to write “Lola” after Kinks manager Robert Wace spent a night in Paris dancing with a transgender woman. However, Mick Avory claimed that the song was inspired by his frequenting of transgender bars in west London.

Released as the lead single from the band’s eighth studio album, it became their fourth of five top 10 hits in the US, peaking at #9 in October 1970. In their homeland the UK, it reached #2 – held from the top spot by Elvis Presley.

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The Clash were in no way “working class” or poor. Joe Strummer’s father was a diplomat, and most of the band went to middle class selective grammar schools.

Interestingly, The Clash’s manager, Bernie Rhodes bought a large house in Notting Hill, giving rise to a parody of “White Riot” thus:

White mansion, I want a mansion
White mansion a mansion of my own.

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The Notting Hill Carnival, organised by London’s Afro-Caribbean population, has taken place every summer since 1964. In the 1970s it was plagued by violence, allegedly due to persecution by the police.
The song is an empathetic answer to the “riot” at Notting Hill by the young white men who were The Clash.

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A reference to the poem/song by the late Gil Scott-Heron. This song appeared on the soundtrack of the 1999 film The Hurricane and was originally going to feature Gil Scott-Heron singing the hook, but a demo version that featured Yasiin singing the hook ended up being the final product that we hear today.

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Lines from “For What It’s Worth”, Buffalo Springfield (1967). Stills was a member of BS.
Used as a protest song by other singers, after various riots etc.

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“We’re all in this together” was the campaigning message of the UK Conservative Party leader, now Prime Minister, David Cameron.

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