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The classic work of Hickson Keith Baar – Training for Endurance and Strength: Lessons from Cell Signaling

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Classic indeed…Back in 1980, no one really imagined that one would interfere with the other on such a deep level. Obviously, whatever time you spend endurance training takes away from strength training, but this goes even beyond that.

Check out the summary below (click for full article).

The purpose of this study was to determine how individuals adapt to a combination of strength and endurance training as compared to the adaptations produced by either strength or endurance training separately. There were three exercise groups: a strength group (S) that exercised 30–40 min [per] day, 5 days [per] week, and endurance group (E) that exercised 40 min [per] day, 6 days [per] week; and an S and E group that performed the same daily exercise regimens as the S and E groups. After 10 weeks of training, VO2max increased approx. 25% when measured during bicycle exercise and 20% when measured during treadmill exercise in both E, and S and E groups. No increase in VO2max was observed in the S group. There was a consistent rate of development of leg-strength by the S group throughout the training, whereas the E group did not show any appreciable gains in strength. The rate of strength improvement by the S and E group was similar to the S group for the first 7 weeks of training, but subsequently leveled off and declined during the 9th and 10th weeks. These findings demonstrate that simultaneously training for S and E will result in a reduced capacity to develop strength, but will not affect the magnitude of increase in VO2max.

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Classic indeed...Back in 1980, no one really imagined that one would interfere with the other on such a deep level. Obviously, whatever time you spend endurance training takes away from strength training, but this goes even beyond that.

Check out the summary below (click for full article).

>[**The purpose of this study was to determine how individuals adapt to a combination of strength and endurance training as compared to the adaptations produced by either strength or endurance training separately. There were three exercise groups: a strength group (S) that exercised 30--40 min [per] day, 5 days [per] week, and endurance group (E) that exercised 40 min [per] day, 6 days [per] week; and an S and E group that performed the same daily exercise regimens as the S and E groups. After 10 weeks of training, VO2max increased approx. 25% when measured during bicycle exercise and 20% when measured during treadmill exercise in both E, and S and E groups. No increase in VO2max was observed in the S group. There was a consistent rate of development of leg-strength by the S group throughout the training, whereas the E group did not show any appreciable gains in strength. The rate of strength improvement by the S and E group was similar to the S group for the first 7 weeks of training, but subsequently leveled off and declined during the 9th and 10th weeks. These findings demonstrate that simultaneously training for S and E will result in a reduced capacity to develop strength, but will not affect the magnitude of increase in VO2max.**](http://sriechman.tamu.edu/629/2012/Hickson%20Interferance%201980.pdf)

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Systemic Blood Pressure (Outline) Human Physiology – Systemic Blood Pressure (Outline)

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A brief outline of blood pressure.

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Pulmonary Function I (Outline) Human Physiology – Pulmonary Function I (Outline)

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A brief outline of the functioning of the pulmonary system.

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Drawing by Allen Frankhouse

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Glenohumeral Joint (Outline) Structural Kinesiology – Glenohumeral Joint (Outline)

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The following is an outline of the shoulder joint.

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7. Teres Major Structural Kinesiology – Glenohumeral Joint (Outline)

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Origin

Lower lateral border of scapula

Insertion

Bicipital groove

Action

Abduction, medial rotation, extension

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Shoulder Girdle (Outline) Structural Kinesiology – Shoulder Girdle (Outline)

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The following is a brief outline of the shoulder girdle.

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and still leaves today’s college student around the midpoint in these traits. Dr. Sara H. Konrath (Ft. Courtney Hsing & Edward H. O'Brien) – Less Empathy Among College Students

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With empathy being measured here on a scale of 1 to 5 (“strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”), this means that the drop in empathy still leaves college kids at about 2.5-3, i.e. “neither agree nor disagree”. Not exactly an inspiring result, but no one should be freaking out at this point (cough-Fox News-cough)

Konrath discusses why this is not a total crisis, in this article, saying:

…just because empathy is declining on average, does not mean that each individual is low in empathy. To accuse an entire generation of low empathy is not very kind, nor is it accurate…American college students are not the most prototypical Americans. They are richer, whiter, more female, and in our sample at least, about 20 years old on average…Violent criminal acts such as murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault have all shown steady, marked decreases from the early 1990s to the late 2000s. This is the opposite of what we would expect if empathy was ‘under siege.'

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With empathy being measured here on a scale of 1 to 5 ("strongly disagree" to "strongly agree"), this means that the drop in empathy still leaves college kids at about 2.5-3, i.e. "neither agree nor disagree". Not exactly an inspiring result, but no one should be freaking out at this point (***cough***-[Fox News](http://www.foxnews.com/story/2010/06/01/end-empathy/)-***cough***)

Konrath discusses why this is not a total crisis, in [this article](http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-empathy-gap/201006/the-end-empathy), saying:

>...just because empathy is declining on average, does not mean that each individual is low in empathy. To accuse an entire generation of low empathy is not very kind, nor is it accurate...American college students are not the most prototypical Americans. They are richer, whiter, more female, and in our sample at least, about 20 years old on average...Violent criminal acts such as murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault have all shown steady, marked decreases from the early 1990s to the late 2000s. This is the opposite of what we would expect if empathy was ‘under siege.'

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Conclusion (Empathy) Dr. Sara H. Konrath (Ft. Courtney Hsing & Edward H. O'Brien) – Conclusion (Empathy)

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Sara H. Konrath
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, skonrath@isr.umich.edu

Edward H. O'Brien
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Courtney Hsing
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis

Citation: Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2011 May;15(2):180-98. doi: 10.1177/1088868310377395. Epub 2010 Aug 5.

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Why Is Empathy Decreasing? Dr. Sara H. Konrath (Ft. Courtney Hsing & Edward H. O'Brien) – Why Is Empathy Decreasing?

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Sara H. Konrath
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, skonrath@isr.umich.edu

Edward H. O'Brien
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Courtney Hsing
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis

Citation: Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2011 May;15(2):180-98. doi: 10.1177/1088868310377395. Epub 2010 Aug 5.

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Results (Empathy) Dr. Sara H. Konrath (Ft. Courtney Hsing & Edward H. O'Brien) – Results (Empathy)

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Sara H. Konrath
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, skonrath@isr.umich.edu

Edward H. O'Brien
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Courtney Hsing
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis

Citation: Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2011 May;15(2):180-98. doi: 10.1177/1088868310377395. Epub 2010 Aug 5.

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Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis

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Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis

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Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis

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