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The use of this word in political contexts was inspired by the French Revolution. In the wake of abolishing titles of nobility and the terms monsieur and madame (which mean “my lord” and “my lady,” respectively), French revolutionaries began using the term citoyen for men and citoyenne for women (both of which mean “citizen”).
It wasn’t until the mid-19th century when the socialist movement began their quest for a more egalitarian alternative to terms like “Mister, "Miss,” or “Missus,” that the word “comrade” began being used as the stock phrase and form of address for socialists (as it is used here by Debs).
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In ancient Near Eastern genealogies, the terms “sons” and “fathers” are often used literally. But they may be used more loosely, referring to relatively distant family relations or other social or geographical connections. Here “sons” points to cultural and geographical relationships.
A son and father
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An example of these “long forgotten” Ancient Near Eastern languages would be Akkadian, an extinct Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. Argued to be the first Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system (a system of pictographs).
The name of the language is derived from the city of Akkad, a major center of Semitic Mesopotamian civilization, during the Akkadian Empire — founded circa 2334 – 2154 BC), although the language predates the founding of Akkad.
An example of Akkadian
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The Fertile Crescent is also commonly referred to as The Cradle of Civilization. It was so named because it saw the development of many of the earliest human civilizations.
Some of its technological inventions — albeit not necessarily first or uniquely — are writing, glass, and the wheel.
What’s more, the earliest known western civilizations manifestly arose and flourished using the water supplies and agricultural resources available in the Fertile Crescent.
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According to Gwendolyn Leick in Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City, the ancient Sumerian city of Eridu (now Tell Abu Shahrain, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq) — founded in 5,400 BC — is arguably the oldest city in the world.
A recreation of the Port of Eridu
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Evo Morales is a Bolivian politician and activist, serving as President of Bolivia, a position that he has held since 2006.
He is also the leader of both the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party — whose ideology incorporates tenets socialism, communitarianism, and indigenism — and the Cocalero trade union.
Politically a socialist leader, the cornerstone of his presidency has been a focus on implementing new policies in the country, introducing a new constitution, land reforms, nationalizing various key industries, opposing United States involvement in the country’s politics, and reducing poverty.
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Alfred Hitchcock was the most well-known director to the general public — by virtue of both his many thrillers and his appearances on television in his own series — from the mid-50s through the early 60s.
Probably more than any other filmmaker, his name evokes instant expectations on the part of audiences: at least two or three great chills (and a few more good ones), some striking black comedy, and an eccentric characterization or two in every one of the director’s movies.
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What is this?
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Noam Chomsky is a US political theorist and activist, and institute professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
According to the International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest:
Chomsky is internationally recognized as one of the most critically engaged public intellectuals alive today.
Chomsky continues to be an unapologetic critic of both American foreign policy and its ambitions for geopolitical hegemony and the neoliberal turn of global capitalism, which he identifies in terms of class warfare waged from above against the needs and interests of the great majority.
