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Ariel sings of the eerie transformation of Ferdinand’s father’s corpse–the slow replacement of his eyes with pearls.

Compare the Duke of Clarence’s ominous nightmare in Shakespeare’s Richard III:

Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,
Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels,
All scatter’d in the bottom of the sea:
Some lay in dead men’s skulls; and, in those holes
Where eyes did once inhabit, there were crept,
As ‘twere in scorn of eyes, reflecting gems…

T. S. Eliot famously used this line in The Waste Land:

… Here, said she,
Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor.
(Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look!)

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In this early poem, Rich connects Aunt Jennifer’s creation and creativity to a certain freedom and immortality; her tigers are a made thing that required hours of work in a craft, needlepoint, normally associated with women. In contrast, Rich is working in poetry at a time (1951) when there were far fewer women than men in the field. Her creation, this poem, is a lot like needlepoint in that it took hours to create (it is in rhyming iambic pentameter, an elaborate pattern, or “weave”), expresses a kind of freedom, and gives her immortality too. (Rich passed away in 2012.)

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A mother’s bedtime kiss also figures prominently in In Search of Lost Time, by Marcel Proust, often considered Joyce’s rival as the greatest novelist of the early 20th century.

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This innocent image of children collecting stones is a dark foreshadowing of the violence that comes with the lottery.

If you didn’t know the premise of the story, you might assume that the boys are gathering stones for skipping at a local river or the like, since it’s summer and school is out. On a second reading it becomes clear that the author has prepared her narrative clues carefully.

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See William Blake, “Auguries of Innocence”:

To see a World in a Grain of Sand…

This bird who is “a student of Blake” (and perhaps a stand-in for the poet) stares obsessively at sand grains as if to discover the world of secrets within each. One way of reading “The Sandpiper” is as an extended joke on Blake’s famous line.

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Gary Jackson is the winner of the 2009 Cave Canem Poetry Prize for his first book, Missing You, Metropolis. He was born and raised in Topeka, Kansas, and received his Master of Fine Arts degree in poetry from the University of New Mexico in 2008. His poems have appeared in inscape, Literary Bohemian, Magma, and small chapbooks. He has been a fierce lover of comics for nearly twenty years.

(Bio via Graywolf Press.)

Buy Missing You, Metropolis

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Auden’s English accent probably would have elided a couple syllables here (“pe-kyule-yare-tee”)–but still, this line has a lot of syllables!

Auden’s decision to vary syllable count line by line, while keeping up a basic rhythm (approximately four beats per line), contributes to the poem’s loose, funky “calypso” sound.

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